History of Microsoft Windows

The first version of Microsoft Windows, version 1.0, released in November 1985, lacked a degree of functionality, achieved little popularity and was to compete with Apple's own operating system. Windows 1.0 is not a complete operating system; rather, it extends MS-DOS. Microsoft Windows version 2.0 was released in November 1987 and was slightly more popular than its predecessor. Windows 2.03 (release date January 1988) had changed the OS from tiled windows to overlapping windows. The result of this change led to Apple Computer filing a suit against Microsoft alleging infringement on Apple's copyrights.

The Windows family tree

Microsoft Windows version 3.0, released in 1990, was the first Microsoft Windows version to achieve broad commercial success, selling 2 million copies in the first six months. It featured improvements to the user interface and to multitasking capabilities.

Introduction to Windows Server 2008

This video is an introduction to some of the new features of Windows Server 2008. Intended audience: administrators with previous experience of Windows 2000 and 2003 Server.

This video is just an introduction to Windows Server 2008 and it is good to watching it because you will go in to the details in the next semester in OS1 course.  

How Linux is Built

While Linux is running our phones, friend requests, tweets, financial trades, ATMs and more, most of us don't know how it's actually built. This short video takes you inside the process by which the largest collaborative development project in the history of computing is organized. Based on the annual report "Who Writes Linux," this is a powerful and inspiring story of how Linux has become a community-driven phenomenon. More information about Linux and The Linux Foundation can be found at http://www.linuxfoundation.org and http://www.linux.com

when you finish watch this video  answer this question whow is responsple to built linux system ? in the comment and you will get 1 marks in participation  .

Layer 2 Switches & Layer 3 switches

     

 

We often hear of these two terms and try to distinguish them, which one is better for building our network   To be simple, Layer 3 switches route packets based on IP, layer 2 by MAC. Both switch types have the capability of linking network devices together from one port to another. Unlike hubs, switches distribute data more intelligently as it interprets them and sends it out to the right destination.

Layer 2 and Layer 3 terms come from the OSI seven Layer model (a theoretical way of dividing network architecture up with functionality, service, dependence and application). Within the model, Layer 2 represents the “Data Link Layer” while Layer 3 represents the “Network Layer”.

Layer 2 switches have the capability of mov
 ing packets around a single network. As the reference to the OSI Layer holds true, this

Wireless Network: How to Configure Wireless Security?

Wireless security is the prevention of unauthorized access or damage to computers using wireless networks. The most common types of wireless security are Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) and Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA). WEP is one of the least secure forms of security. A network that is secured with WEP has been cracked in 3 minutes by the FBI. WEP is an old IEEE 802.11 standard from 1999 which was outdated in 2003 by WPA or Wi-Fi Protected Access. WPA was a quick alternative to improve security over WEP. The current standard is WPA2; some hardware cannot support WPA2 without firmware upgrade or replacement. WPA2 uses an encryption device which encrypts the network with a 256 bit key; the longer key length improves security over WEP.

Cisco Live: Cisco Upgrades Catalyst Series of Switches

Cisco Systems introduced multiple innovations into its flagship Catalyst 6500 Series Switches at Cisco Live (the company’s annual IT and communications conference) on July 13, 2011.

As the “workhorse family” of switches that stretches across the entire spectrum of enterprises, the Catalyst 6500 is in use by more than 25,000 customers, and one of the most important things Cisco kept in mind in this product refresh was to protect customer investment so they can continue to use the 6500 products they already have without having to do a complete rip-and-replace, said Scott Gainey, director of switching solutions at Cisco.

The new capabilities are supposed to help providers tune their network infrastructure for the anticipated proliferation of connected devices, growth of video traffic, cloud computing business models and increasingly mobile workforces without having to opt for costly upgrades.

What’s new on Cisco Catalyst 6500?

Supervisor 2T

At the heart of the Catalyst 6500 refresh is the Supervisor Engine 2T, a 2-terabit card that unlocks 80 gigabits per second per slot. The new SUP2T takes a 3x jump for the Catalyst 6500 series from 720Gbps to 2Tbps. To avoid forklift upgrades to existing 6500 customers, the SUP2T and line cards are fully compatible with all E-Series chassis models. Through backwards compatibility, it protects the investment of its installed base, but paves the way for 2Tbps of switching capacity and when deployed in a virtual switching system (VSS) configuration, will scale to 4Tbps. What does the ability to download 2 terabits in a second mean:  approximately 250 (1GB) Harry Potter DVDs(i.e.: 15,000 DVDs per minute).

Main Network Hardware’s Difference: Integrated Devices, Router, Network Switch & Firewall

If you are used to working with home networking gear, you will be used to an integrated device that “does it all”. On a home network, you may have one box that is a cable/DSL modem, router, firewall, switch, and wireless access point all in one. It is amazing all the functions they can fit into one box.

If you are studying Cisco networking and learning about how businesses use these devices, you may be wondering why there is so much importance on the differences between a switch, router, firewall, and other network devices. If the home user can have all these devices combined into one, why doesn’t the business user do this as well? So, now, here we try to find out what the main differences between these network devices.

Integrated devices

Just like home devices, business devices have become more and more consolidated over time but not to the extent that the home devices have. Network administrators in a business network are more comfortable having separate devices and even like the idea. This is because network administrators like to be able to isolate problems down to a certain device and they like to be able to know the performance capabilities of every device. If you use an integrated router, switch, and firewall all into one device, troubleshooting, managing, and understanding the performance capabilities of that device gets

How Router Interfaces get Their Names on Cisco Routers?

Why is your router’s Ethernet interface called Ethernet0/0 on one router but Ethernet 3/0 on another router? Where do these names come from? This tutorial will explain how Cisco router interfaces get their names.

Where do Router Interfaces get Their Names?

Router interfaces get their names when the router boots. A “device discovery” takes place and the names of the interfaces are generated based on a predicable method. On fixed interface routers (like the older 2500 series routers) the interfaces will always be the same. However, on newer routers like 2600, 3600, 3700, and Cisco 2800 series routers, interfaces can be modular. That means that the interfaces are cards (modules) that can be “plugged into” the router in different slots. Some of these interfaces are on WAN interface cards (WIC) and some are on Network Modules (NM). Other router interfaces will be built right onto the router. The newer model routers have different names for some of these slots like enhanced network modules (NME) and high-speed WIC (HWIC). However, for the purposes

Four Modes to Access and Configure a Cisco Router

Cisco IOS Command Summary—Four Modes to Access and Configure a Cisco Router

The four modes for accessing and configuring a Cisco router are: user EXEC mode, privileged EXEC mode, global configuration mode, interface configuration mode

Each mode has a unique command set.

Purpose of each Mode

user EXEC mode is the initial startup mode.  A router configuration session can be initiated using terminal emulation programs such as Kermit, HyperTerminal, or telnet. 

privileged EXEC mode is the system administrator mode.  In this mode configuration files can be read, the router can be rebooted, and operating parameters can be changed.

global configuration mode is used to modify system-wide configuration parameters, such as routing tables and routing algorithms.

interface configuration mode is used to modify the Ethernet and serial port configurations.

Ten terms you should know in Operating Systems

There are 10 important terms that you must know it. When you finish read and understand the following terms you will find  7 multiple choice questions answer it and send your answers by email. let's start with the main term which is Operating system .

1. Operating system: Is a set of programs that lies between application software and the computer hardware. System software means all programs related to coordinating computer  operation, including the operating system, Programing language translators , and service program.

2. The kernel : most of which  remains  in memory,  is called  resident. The  kernel controls  the  entire operating system and loads into memory nonresident operating system programs from disk storage as needed.